Updates on the taxonomy of Ilyobius nubilus (Navs, 1933) (Megaloptera: Sialidae: Sialinae) and Ilyobius brasiliensis (Navs, 1936) from southeastern Brazil.

Species of the Neotropical genus Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910 (Megaloptera: Sialidae) are rare and poorly known because adults are infrequently collected in the field and the larvae have restricted habitat in the stream, facts that make obtaining specimens difficult to access for study. Herein we redescribe the female, describe the male and the larva of Ilyobius nubilus (Navs, 1933) based on specimens collected on the coast of So Paulo State. Adults were obtained mainly by rearing larvae in laboratory condition until adult emergence. The holotype for Ilyobius brasiliensis (Navs, 1936) was examined, and we contand that it is a valid species. Therefore, we do not corroborate its synonymy with I. nubilus. Ilyobius nubilus is a member of the I. chilensis group, and the male genitalia structure, described in this work, also supports its inclusion in this species group.

Systematics of Pilielmis Hinton, 1971 (Coleoptera: Dryopoidea: Elmidae).

Pilielmis is a small genus of Neotropical Elmidae found in the Amazon basin and French Guiana, with distribution in five countries: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, and Venezuela. Currently, seven species of Pilielmis are known, six of which were described in the original description of the genus by Hinton (1971), and the most recent one was described by Polizei & Barclay (2019). In this paper, we review the genus Pilielmis based on the analysis of type-specimens and material collected in different regions of northern South America. A phylogenetic study was performed to hypothesize the relationship between all species of Pilielmis and to test the monophyly of this genus. For this purpose, 42 morphological characters of adults were investigated, among them some structures that were not illustrated and described in the original descriptions. As result, all seven previously known species were redescribed with standardized morphological information. Three new species were discovered in the examined material: Pilielmis baniwa sp. nov., Pilielmis muricula sp. nov., Pilielmis nheengatu sp. nov. A key for identification of the adults of Pilielmis is proposed and new records for Suriname, Peru, and some Brazilian states are presented. The phylogenetic analysis corroborated the monophyly of Pilielmis and presented phylogenetic information from characteristics not used before in the taxonomy of the genus, such as mouth parts and female ovipositor.

Ephemeroptera (Insecta) from the metropolitan region of Santarém, Pará, Brazil / Ephemeroptera (Insecta) da região metropolitana de Santarém, Pará, Brasil

Abstract With the objective of improving the knowledge about Ephemeroptera in the North region of Brazil, the group's first survey was carried out for the metropolitan region of Santarém, Pará, Brazil. The specimens analyzed were collected from 2019 to 2020 in 27 aquatic environments distributed in the region. The nymphs were captured in the streams with aquatic entomological nets, in addition to manual collection on the substrates. Adults were collected using light traps and flight intercept traps. To complement the inventory, a bibliographic survey of species previously recorded in the area was carried out. For this, the Taxonomic Catalog of Fauna of Brazil, the website Ephemeroptera in South America and scientific articles were consulted. As a result, eight families, 23 genera and 31 species/morphospecies were recorded for the region, with 13 new records for Pará and 19 for the metropolis of Santarém. This study demonstrates the relevance of surveys for the knowledge of biodiversity and for understanding the geographic distribution of taxa.

Resumo Com o objetivo de aprimorar o conhecimento sobre Ephemeroptera na região Norte do Brasil, foi realizado o primeiro levantamento do grupo para a região metropolitana de Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Os espécimes analisados foram coletados de 2019 a 2020 em 27 ambientes aquáticos distribuídos na região. As ninfas foram capturadas nos riachos com redes entomológicas aquáticas, além da coleta manual nos substratos. Os adultos foram coletados por meio de armadilhas luminosas e armadilhas de interceptação de voo. Para complementar o inventário, foi realizado o levantamento bibliográfico das espécies previamente registradas na área. Para isso, foram consultados o Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil, o site Ephemeroptera na América do Sul e artigos científicos. Como resultado, oito famílias, 23 gêneros e 31 espécies/morfoespécies foram registradas para a região, sendo 13 novos registros para o Pará e 19 para a metrópole de Santarém. Este estudo demonstra a relevância dos levantamentos para o conhecimento da biodiversidade e para a compreensão da distribuição geográfica dos táxons.

A new species of Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910 (Megaloptera: Sialidae) from a threatened region in the Mantiqueira Mountain range (Brazil).

A new species of Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910 (Megaloptera: Sialidae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is described based on male, female, and larva. Ilyobius erebus sp. nov. is the 11th species in this genus, and the fourth reported in Brazil. In addition, male and female genitalia of I. hauseri (Contreras-Ramos, Fiorentin Urakami, 2005) are redescribed based on the holotype and newly collected specimens at the type locality. Based on the current classification system, I. erebus sp. nov. is placed in the I. chilensis group, which was supported by male and female genital structures. The type locality of the new species is threatened by human impacts, and conservation of its habitat is needed.

Pedrowygomyia (Diptera: Simuliidae): Discovery of a New Species After 30 yr.

Pedrowygomyia is a Neotropical genus of Simuliidae composed of four species; all were described in 1989 from high-elevation (above 3,000 m) areas in the Andean region. In this article, a new species for this genus, Pedrowygomyia hanaq n. sp., is described based on all stages of development. The new species was collected in the south-central Andes of Peru at an altitude above 4,000 m, and its known distribution is currently restricted to the type-locality. Based on the pupal stage, the new species appears to be more closely related to Pedrowygomyia punapi (Wygodzinsky & Coscarón) (Diptera: Simuliidae), a species known from Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile.

A New Anthropophilic Species of Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) From Amazonia: Morphology, Chromosomes, and DNA Sequences.

The black fly Simulium (Trichodagmia) hirtipupa Lutz (Diptera: Simuliidae) is widely distributed in southern Brazil, with one report from Amapá state in the northern region of Brazilian Amazonia. Morphological comparison of northern and southern populations revealed differences in all life stages, corroborated by chromosomal and molecular analyses, and indicated that the population previously identified as S. hirtipupa from Amapá state represents an undescribed species. This new species is described based on all life stages above the egg, and its chromosomal and molecular divergence from S. hirtipupa is highlighted. Simulium criniferum n. sp. can be diagnosed by the deeply concave male ventral plate with a prominent median projection bearing a ventral keel; female anal lobe in lateral view with a broadly rounded, distal membranous area about as long as wide; pupa with a boot-shaped cocoon bearing a minutely bubbled surface, cephalic plate and thorax with abundant hair-like tubercles, and gill of 12 translucent filaments with darkly sclerotized, acuminate tips; and larva with the body cuticle bearing spiniform setae, abdomen truncated posteriorly, and gill histoblast in situ with the filament tips directed ventrally. Chromosomally, the new species has five unique fixed inversions and uniquely shares three additional fixed inversions with its nearest relative, S. hirtipupa. Partial COI sequences indicate a genetic distance of ~9% between the new species and S. hirtipupa. Females of the new species are anthropophilic.

New morphological information on Simulium wygodzinskyorum Coscarón & Py-Daniel, 1989 (Diptera: Simuliidae).

Simulium wygodzinskyorum Coscarón & Py-Daniel was originally described based on a small number of specimens collected in Junín Province, Peru. We sampled in the same province as the type locality of this species, collecting last-instar larvae and pupae. Since the original larval description of this species was based on a single immature individual, our objective is to provide a last-instar larval description and also to provide additional morphological information on the pupa and male genitalia of this species. Some morphological characteristics not reported before for this species, such as, dorsal tubercles on larval abdominal segments, are described. Abdominal chaetotaxy of pupae is revised and the male ventral plate is fully illustrated, also it is discussed the importance of standardizing the position in which the ventral plate is illustrated. This species was collected in a stream with 2-8 m in width, exposed to sunlight with rocks of different sizes, in low density.

Primeiro levantamento da fauna de Ephemeroptera (Insecta) do Espírito Santo, Sudeste do Brasil / First survey of mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Insecta) from Espírito Santo State, Southeastern Brazil

A partir de coletas realizadas entre 2008 e 2009 no Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, entre outras áreas do Espírito Santo, apresentamos o primeiro levantamento da fauna de Ephemeroptera do estado. A despeito do seu pequeno tamanho, pois a área do estado representa apenas 0,53 por cento do território nacional, uma surpreendente diversidade de Ephemeroptera foi encontrada. Ao todo foram identificadas 76 espécies, 41 gêneros e nove famílias, que representam aproximadamente 25 por cento das espécies brasileiras, 65 por cento dos gêneros e quase todas as famílias ocorrentes no Brasil. Destes táxons, 17 espécies (a maioria de Baetidae e Leptophlebiidae) são novos para a ciência. Cinco espécies, coletadas apenas no estágio ninfal, não puderam ser identificadas. O presente trabalho demonstra que, como para muitos organismos, a diversidade de Ephemeroptera para o estado é alta e mais pesquisas sobre a composição faunística de insetos aquáticos no Espírito Santo devem ser incentivadas.

Based on collections performed between 2008 and 2009 at Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, among other areas in Espírito Santo State, southeastern Brazil, we present the first survey of mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from the state. Despite the fact that the state is one of the smallest in Brazil, representing only 0.53 percent of the country area, a surprising diversity was found. Seventy-six species, 41 genera and nine families were identified, which represents about 25 percent of the species reported from Brazil, 65 percent of the genera, and almost all families. Of these, 17 species (most of Baetidae and Leptophlebiidae) are new to science. Five species, collected only at the nymphal stage, could not be identified to the species level. The present work demonstrates that, as for other organisms, the diversity of mayflies is high in the state, and more works aiming to investigate the aquatic insect composition of the Espírito Santo State should be encouraged.